The threat moved. Coverage has to move with it.
The exposures of a decade ago were lost laptops and stolen thumb drives. They still happen β but the center of gravity has shifted to ransomware, business email compromise (BEC), supply-chain compromise and, increasingly, AI-assisted attacks. In 2025, phishing overtook stolen credentials as the most common way in.
Because the product is still maturing, no two carriers write the same form. Definitions, sub-limits, retentions and exclusions vary enormously between manuscript policies. That is precisely where underwriting expertise earns its keep β and why an "instant quote" is a fiction.
Avg. breach cost by industry, 2025
| Sector | Per breach |
| Healthcare | $7.42M |
| Financial services | $5.56M |
| Industrial | $5.00M |
| Energy | $4.83M |
| Technology | $4.79M |
| Pharmaceuticals | $4.61M |
Source: IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2025